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Indigenous feminism
Indigenous Feminism is a political, social, and cultural movement and theory that seeks equality and sovereignty for Indigenous people globally. It is a branch of feminist theory and practice that advocates not just equally with men, but with the decolonization of Indigenous men and women. Indigenous feminism developed out of a need to define the complexities that arise for Indigenous women (and men) as a result of the intersections of race, ethnicity, and gender. For example, Indigenous feminism acknowledges the devastating consequences of colonization on Indigenous peoples. The need to define an Indigenous feminism resulted from the need to address various forms of structural oppression experienced by Indigenous people around the world. Indigenous feminism may go by other (geographically specific) names such as: Native American Feminism and Tribal feminism in North America or Aboriginal Feminism in Australia, but each of these regionally-adapted terms fall under the rubric of Indigenous feminism. Indigenous feminism in practice can be seen in such protest movements as Idle No More, for example.
==Effects of Colonization==
Before colonization, American Indian women shared a significant role within their communities. Paula Gunn Allen (Laguna Pueblo) argues that "for millennia American Indians have based their social systems, however diverse, on ritual, spirit-centred, woman-focused world-views." Andrea Smith has noted that many Indigenous women argue “that feminism is actually an indigenous concept that has been co-opted by white women.” This sentiment is echoed elsewhere. Kim Anderson argues that “what we now call feminism – which the Merriam Webster’s online dictionary defines as ‘the theory of political, economic and social equality of the sexes’ – was simply a way of life to our ancestors” (Anderson, 2010, 82). Paula Gunn Allen’s “Who Is Your Mother? Red Roots of White Feminism,” also that Native peoples are traditionally feminist and that reclaiming those roots would be empowering and participate in Indigenous decolonization.
However, after colonization, many Indigenous communities were drastically changed. The introduction of patriarchal systems of oppression forced a significant shift in Indigenous women’s rights. Kim Anderson writes that “the Europeans who first arrived in Canada were shocked by the position of Aboriginal women in their respective societies. It was not long before they realized that, in order to dominate the land and the people that were occupying it, they needed to disempower the women. Indigenous systems that allocated power to women were incompatible with the kind of colonial power dynamics that would be necessary to maintain colonial power." Additionally, "while women's traditional roles in Indigenous communities vary widely, colonization has reordered gender relations to subordinate women, regardless of their pre-contact status."
Indigenous women continue to face poverty and violence. While both issues are of significant importance to mainstream feminists, Indigenous femenist argue that the effects of colonization make these often very urgent issues for Indigenous women. For example, while varied among North and South American Indigenous communities, concepts of property ownership extended to both men and women. Indigenous women were often property owners, or at least shared in the economic and property ownership opportunities in their communities. After colonization, however, many of these domains were taken away from Indigenous women and given to (Indigenous) men. This, in turn, often placed Indigenous women in precarious positions that ran the risk of poverty, and behind that a heightened risk of violence, for example.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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